Abstract | Multiple pressures affect the health and resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems.
These include climate change, pollution, physical loss and disturbance of habitats,
unsustainable fishing and invasive non-native species. Many of these pressures are
increasing, leading to rapid and extensive environmental change. How we understand,
value and use these environments is also changing. There is a growing evidence base
and wider understanding of the vast range of services provided by coastal and marine
ecosystems. |
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