| Abstract | Multiple pressures affect the health and resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems. 
These include climate change, pollution, physical loss and disturbance of habitats, 
unsustainable fishing and invasive non-native species. Many of these pressures are 
increasing, leading to rapid and extensive environmental change. How we understand, 
value and use these environments is also changing. There is a growing evidence base 
and wider understanding of the vast range of services provided by coastal and marine 
ecosystems. | 
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